Słowotwórstwo angielski zasady

Tworzenie wyrazów pochodnych od tych, które już obecnie znamy nie należy do bardzo łatwych zadań. Bardzo często zadawanym pytaniem przez osoby uczące się języka angielskiego jest w jaki sposób można tworzyć rzeczowniki, przymiotniki czy czasowniki od wyrazów, które już poznaliśmy. Odpowiedź na to pytanie nie należy do bardzo łatwych. Na półkach księgarskich można znaleźć pozycje, które opisują zasady tworzenia wyrazów w języku angielskim. Zawierają one oprócz bardzo wielu przykładów, także wiele wyjątków, które mogą przyprawić o bół głowy kogoś kto chce zgłębić tajniki tego zagadnienia. Zasady stosowane w słowotwórstwie są bardzo obszerne i prawidłowe ich stosowanie może stanowić o biegłości w posługiwaniu się językiem angielskim.

Letter 'A' (13)

-able

- possibility

acceptable, admirable, adorable, advisable, comparable, dependable, desirable, disposable, enjoyable, imaginable, irritable, manageable, noticeable, peelable, predictable, profitable, recognizable, remarkable, tolerable, understandable, variable, washable

- having certain qualities

comfortable, fashionable, honourable, knowledgeable, pleasurable, valuable

after-

- timing of activities

after-dinner, after-hours, after-lunch, after-sales, after-school, after-work

- results

aftertaste, after-effects, afterglow, after-care, after-image, afterpain, aftershock, after-smell

-age

- a process or state

blockage, breakage, coverage, drainage, leakage, linkage, marriage, shortage, shrinkage, spoilage, stoppage, storage, wastage, wreckage

- measurement

acreage, footage, litreage, mileage, percentage, poundage, tonnage, voltage, yardage

agro-

- connected with 'soil' or 'agriculture'

agrochemical, agrology, agronomist, agronomy

-aholic

- 'dedicated to something'

bookaholic, cashaholic, chocaholic, newsaholic, shopaholic, workaholic, writaholic

-al

- connection

accidental, additional, classical, continental, conventional, conversational, cynical, educational, emotional, environmental, experimental, fanatical, geographical, global, historical, institutional, logical, mechanical, musical, national, occasional, oriental, original, parental, philosophical, political, presidential, professional, regional, residential, sceptical, sensational, sentimental, statistical, traditional

- actions

avowal, bestowal, betrayal, committal, denial, dismissal, renewal, rental, withdrawal

all-

- one thing or quality

all-acrylic, all-action, all-aluminium, all-black, all-cash, all-electic, all-female, all-grey, all-male, all-new, all-rubber, all-star, all-steel, all-union, all-volunteer, all-white, all-woman, all-wood, all-wool

- every type

all-age, all-function, all-party, all-purpose, all-season, all-sports, all-weather

- affecting everyone or everything

all-absorbing, all-conquering, all-consuming, all-demanding, all-embracing, all-encompassing, all-engulfing, all-enveloping, all-giving, all-inclusive, all-invading, all-knowing, all-loving, all-pervading, all-seeing

-an

- connected with the names of places

African, Algerian, American, Angolan, Asian, Australian, Brazilian, Californian, Cuban, European, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Korean, Nigerian, Russian, Sicilian, Syrian

-ance

- with verbs

acceptance, admittance, alliance, appearance, assitance, assurance, attendance, clearance, defiance, disappearance, disturbance, dominance, endurance, entrance, guidance, insurance, maintenance, observance, performance, radiance, reliance, resemblance, resistance, tolerance

- with adjectives

abundace, arrogance, brilliance, elegance, extravagance, exuberance, fragrance, ignorance, importance, insignificance, intolerance, invariance, irrelevance, petulance, predominance, reluctance, repugnance, significance, vigilance

-ant

- occupations and participation

accountant, applicant, assailant, assistant, attendant, combatant, consultant, contestant, defendant, dependant, descendant, emigrant, immigrant, informant, inhabitant, occupant, perticipant, servant

- things which have an effect

accelerant, contaminant, coolant, decongestant, defoliant, depressant, determinant, disinfectant, lubricant, pollutant, sealent

- in adjectives

abundant, adamant, arrogant, brilliant, buoyant, constant, distant, dominant, elegant, extravagant, ignorant, important, indignant, instant, militant, pleasant, pregnant, redundant, revevant, reluctant, significant, tolerant, triumphant, vacant

anti-

- opposition

anti-abortion, anti-aggression, anti-authority, anti-British, anti-capitalist, anti-colonial, anti-communist, anti-democratic, anti-discrimination, anti-establishment, anti-government, anti-marriage, anti-nuclear, anti-racist, anti-war

- prevention

anti-aircraft, anti-bacterial, anti-burglar, anti-car-thief, anti-cholesterol, anti-depressant, anti-fraud, anti-freeze, anti-fungal, anti-infection, anti-inflation, anti-invasion, anti-missile, anti-pollution, anti-rust, anti-seasickness, anti-submarine, anti-tank

-archy

- connected with 'rule' or 'government'

anarchy, hierarchy, matriarchy, monarchy, oligarchy, patriarchy

-arian

- connected with particular thing

agrarian, authoritarian, disciplinarian, egalitarian, humanitarian, librarian, parliamentrian, totalitarian, vegetarian, veterinarian

Letter 'B' (13)

-based

- the major part of something

acid-based, cash-based, class-based, coal-based, computer-based, education-based, export-based, fuel-based, hydrogen-based, lead-based, leisure-based, market-based, money-based, nitrogen-based oil-based, project-based, property-based, protein-based, service-based, water-based

- the basis of something

broad-based, broadly-based, firmly-based, solidly-based, soundly-based, widely-based

- places

American-based, British-based, city-based, community-based, country-based, European-based, foreign-based, home-based, hospital-based, land-based, London-based, ocean-based, overseas-based, Paris-based, school-based, town-based

be-

- wearing something or covered with something

bejewelled, bespectacled, bewigged

- to cause to become

becalmed, bedraggled, befuddled, beguile, belie, belittle, beloved, bemused, bereaved, besotted, betray, bewildered, bewitched, bewitching

- transitive verbs

befriend, begrudge, behold, bemoan, bequeath, berate, beseech, beset, besiege, bestow

bi-

- two

bicarbonate, bicentenary, bicycle, bifocals, bigamy, bilateral, bilingual, binary, binoculars, biplane, biset

- twice

bi-annual, bi-annually, biennial, bi-monthly, bi-weekly

bio-

- connected with life or living things

biography, antibiotics, autobiography, biochemical, biochemistry, biodegradable, biologist, biology, biopsy, biosphere, biosystem

-bound

- restrictions

class-bound, culture-bound, desk-bound, duty-bound, fog-bound, home-bound, housebound, snowbound, tradition-bound, wheelchair-bound

- direction

earthbound, eastbound, home-bound, inbound, London-bound, northbound, outbound, southboud, westbound

- coverings and books

brass-bound, cardboard-bound, cloth-bound, leather-bound, metal-bound, paper-bound

Letter 'C' (13)

cent-

- connected with 'hundred'

bicentenary, bicentennial, centenary, centigrage, centimetre, century, percent, percentage

chron-

- connected with 'time'

anachronism, anachronistic, chronic, chronicle, chronological, chronology, chronometer, synchronic, synchronize, synchronized

-cide

- connected with 'killing'

fungicide, genocide, herbicide, homicide, infanticide, insecticide, parricide, patricide, persticide, regicide, suicide

cine-

- connected with 'motion pictures'

cine-camera, cine-film, cinema, cinematic, cinematography

co-

- referring to people doing things together

co-author, co-chairman, co-defendant, co-director, co-driver, co-founder, co-leader, co-manager, co-membership, co-ownership, co-pilot, co-presenter, co-producer, co-selector, co-star

col-, com-, con-

- referring to words which have 'together' or 'with' in their meaning

collaborate, colleague, collect, collide, collocation, combine, commerce, communal, communication, community, companion, company, compatible, compound, comrade, concur, conference, conjunction, connect, consensus, consortium, conspiracy, contact, contemporary, coverage

-conscious

- combines with nouns to form adjectives

age-conscious, budget-conscious, cash-conscious, class-conscious, clock-conscious, cost-conscious, design-conscious, diet-conscious, ecology-conscious, energy-conscious, future-conscious, health-conscious, image-conscious, media-conscious, profit-conscious, risk-conscious, safety-conscious, self-conscious, status-conscious, time-conscious, trend-conscious

conter-

- when actions or activities oppose another action or activity

conter-accusation, counteract, counterargument, counterattack, counterattraction, counterbalance, counterblow, countercharge, counter-claim, counter-espionage, counterexample, counterfire, counterforce, counter-measure, counter-move, counter-offensive, counter-offer, counterplan, counter-plot, counter-proposal, counterreaction, counter-reform, counter-strategy, counterstrike, counterweight

-craft

- referring to vehicles

aircraft, hovercraft, landing-craft, passengercraft, spacecraft, watercraft

- abilities and skills

handicrafts, filmcraft, housecraft, needlecraft, stagecraft, statecraft, witchcraft, woodcraft

cross-

- movement

cross-border, cross-campus, cross-channel, cross-country, cross-frontier, cross-harbour, cross-town

- position or direction

cross-bar, cross-beam, cross-current, cross-draught, cross-flow, cross-gust, cross-legged, cross-piece, crossroads, crosswind

- more than one person or thing

cross-breed, cross-cultural, cross-indexed, cross-party, cross-reference, cross-training

-cy

- a state or quality

accuracy, ascendancy, buoyance, consistency, decency, deficiency, delicacy, dependency, diplomacy, efficiency, expectancy, fluency, frequency, hesitancy, illiteracy, immediacy, inadequacy, inconsistency, inefficiency, infancy, insufficiency, intimacy, irrelevancy, legitimacy, literacy, obstinacy, potency, pregnancy, privacy, proficiency, redundancy, secrecy, transparency, urgency

- rank, position

accountancy, advocacy, bureaucracy, candidacy, captaincy, chieftaincy, consultancy, magistracy, occupancy, piracy, presidency, tenancy

Letter 'D' (9)

de-

- the opposite action

deactivate, decentralize, declassify, decolonize, decommunissation, decompression, decongestion, decontaminate, decouple, de-emphasize, dehumanize, dehydrate, deindustralize, dematerialize, demobilize, demystify, depersonalize, deregulate, destabilize

- the removal of something

bebug, de-curtain, de-feather, defrost, ge-gut, dehouse, de-ice, de-ink, de-mist, descale, de-skill

deca-

- referring to words with 'ten' as part of their meaning

decade, decagon, decalitre, decametre, decathlon

deci-

- referring to words with 'tenth' as part of their meaning

decibel, decilitre, decimal, decimetre

derm-

- referring to words with 'skin' as part of their meaning

dermal, dermatitis, dermatologist, dermatology, dermis, epidermia

dia-

- referring to words with 'through', 'across' or 'between' as part of their meaning

diagonal, dialectic, dialogue, diameter, diaphanous, diaphragm

dis-

- the opposite action

disagree, disallow, disappear, disapprove, disarm, disband, disbelieve, disconnect, discontinue, discredit, disembark, disengage, disentangle, dishearten, disinfect, disinherit, disintegrate, disinvest, dislike, dismount, disobey, disorganize, disown, displace, displease, dispossess, disprove, disqualify, dissatisfy, distrust, disunite, disuse

- opposite states

disadvantage, disbelief, discomfort, discontent, discourteous, discourtesy, disfavour, disharmony, dishonest, dishonour, disincentive, disinterested, disloyal, disobedience, disobliging, disorder, disproportionate, disrepute, disrespect, disservice, dissimilar

-dom

- state or condition

boredom, chiefdom, dukedom, earldom, freedom, gangsterdom, hippiedom, officialdom, princedom, stardom, wisdom

- a realm or territory

dukedom, kingdom, princedom

double-

- two

double-action, double-barrelled, double-breasted, double-check, double-decker, double-doors, double-edged, double-glazed, double-handed, double-length, double-locked, double-page, double-seamed, double-sied, double-strength

- deception

double-cross, double-deal, double-dealng, double-talk

down-

- direction or position

downhill, downriver, downstage, downstairs, downstream, downward, downwind

- becoming worse

downfall, downgrade, downplay, downtrend, downturn

Letter 'E' (14)

-ee

- someone who is affected by an action

addressee, appointee, assgnee, deportee, detainee, employee, evacuee, examinee, franchisee, internee, interviewee, licensee, nominee, payee, trainee, transferee, trustee

- someone who performs on action

absentee, divorcee, escapee, retiree

em-, en-

- when referring to moving into a different state or condition

embark, embed, embody, enable, encamp, encircle, enclose, encourage, endanger, enfeeble, enfold, enforce, engulf, enlarge, enrage, enrich, enslave, entangle, entrance, entrap, entwine

-en

- when changing the quality or state of something

blacken, brighten, broaden, cheapen, dampen, darken, deepen, deafen, fatten, flatten, freshen, harden, heighten, lengthen, lessen, lighten, loosen, mosten, quieten, redden, sharpen, shorten, sicken, slacken, stiffen, straighten, strengthen, sweeten, thicken, toughen, weaken, widen, worsen

- indicating what something is made of

earthen, flaxen, golden, leaden, oaken, silken, waxen, wooden, woollen

-ence

- when referring to the action or state described by the original verb

adherence, coherence, correspondence, defence, dependence, emergence, existence, insistence, persistence, preference, pretence, reference, residence, reminiscence, treanscendence

- when forming nouns

absence, adolescence, affluence, benevolence, competence, confidence, convenience, diffidence, disobedience, eloquence, indifference, innocence, intelligence, obedience, patience, presence, violence

-ent

- forming adjectives or nouns

abosorbent, correspondent, dependent, different, existent, insistent, persistent, respondent, student

-er

- when forming comparative adjectives

bigger, brighter, colder, darker, deeper, fatter, fuller, larger, later, safer, slower, smaller, softer, thicker

- referring to occupations

baker, driver, employer, farmer, leader, lecturer, manager, painter, player, producer, reader, reporter, rider, speaker, teacher, waiter, winner, worker, writer

-ery

- when forming nouns from verbs

bribery, butchery, cookery, delivery, discovery, embroidery, fattery, forgery, recovery, robbery

- referring to behaviour

bravery, foolery, prudery, savagery, snoberry

- referring to places

bakery, brewery, creamery, fashery, nursery, orangery, piggery, refinery, shrubbery, tannery

- referring to a group or collection

artillery, crockery, greenary, jewellery, machinery, pottery, scenery

-ese

- referring to origin

Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Maltese, Nepalese, Portuguese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese

- referring to languages

Chinese, Japanese, Portugese

-ess

- nouns referring to a woman or a female animal

actress, countess, duchess, empress, goddess, heiress, hostess, lioness, mistress, princess, stewardess, tigress, waitress

-est

- when forming superlative adjectives

biggeset, darkest, deepest, fattest, largest, longest, loudest, newest, oldest, saddest, slowlest, tallest, youngest

ever-

- always

ever-decreasing, ever-efficient, ever-expanding, ever-faithful, ever-growing, ever-helpful, everlasting, ever-increasing, ever-open, ever-popular, ever-present, ever-smiling, ever-watching, ever-willing

ex-

- when forming nouns

ex-boxer, ex-communist, ex-convict, ex-employer, ex-friend, ex-husband, ex-minister, ex-president, ex-professor, ex-secretary, ex-soldier, ex-wife

extra-

- when forming adjectives

extra-bright, extra-hard, extra-hot, extra-large, extra-long, extra-short, extra-small, extra-soft, extra-solid, extra-thin

Letter 'F' (5)

-first

- when referring to parts of body

chin-first, face-first, feet-first, head-first, heel-first, nose-first

fore-

- the front

forearm, foredeck, forehead, foreleg, forelimb, forepart, foreshore

- before

forecast, forefathers, foreknowledge, forerunner, foresee, foreshadow, foresight, foretaste, forethought, forewarn, foreword

-free

- with nouns to form adjectives

additive-free, carefree, crime-free, debt-free, disease-free, dust-free, duty-free, guilt-free, ice-free, interest-free, lead-free, meat-free, muclear-free, oxygen-free, pain-free, pollution-free, rent-free, risk-free, stress-free, tax-free, trouble-free, weed-free

-ful

- amounts and measurement

armful, bagful, bottleful, boxful, bucketful, cupful, fistful, glassful, houseful, jugful, mounthful, panful, plateful, pocketful, roomful, sackful, saucerful, spoonful, tablespoonful, tankful, teaspoonful

- characteristics and qualities

beautiful, boastful, cheerful, deceitful, delightful, dutiful, flavourful, forceful, graceful, harmful, helpful, joyful, merciful, painful, peaceful, playful, powerful, shameful, successful, tactful, thankful, useful

full-

- referring to degree or extent

full-blooded, full-blown, full-flavoured, full-grown, full-scale, full-speed, full-strength, full-volume

- referring to the whole

full-colour, full-page, full-size, full-time

Letter 'G' (5)

geo-

- referring to words with 'earth' as part of their meaning

geocentric, geographical, geography, geological, geology, geophysical, geophysics, geopolitical, geopolitics

-gon

- referring to words with 'angles' as part of their meaning

decagon, hexagon, octagon, polygon

-gram

- written or drawn

anagram, diagram, hologram, monogram, pentagram, pictogram, telegram

- weight

kilogram, microgram, milligram

-graph

- referring to words with 'writing', 'record' or 'drawing' as part of their meaning

autograph, holograph, monograph, paragraph, photograph, telegraph

great-

- with nouns referring to memebers of a family

great-grandchild, great-granddaughter, great-grandfather, great-grandmother, great-grandparent, great-grandson

Letter 'H' (9)

heam-

- referring to words with 'blood' as part of their meaning

haematologist, haematology, haemoglobin

half-

- used with verbs, participles, adjectives and nouns to form new verbs, adjectives and nouns

half-afraid, half-asleep, half-cooked, half-dressed, half-eaten, half-empty, half-finished, half-forgotten, half-full, half-grown, half-listening, half-melted, half-open, half-realize, half-smiling, half-starved, half-wild

- parts of something

half-bottle, half-century, half-circle, half-cup, half-distance, half-dozen, half-hour, half-inch, half-length, half-marathon, half-mile, half-million, half-minute, half-page, half-pay, half-pint, half-price, half-strength, half-year

- race and nationality

half-French, half-German, half-English, half-Dutch, half-Irish

- brothers and sisters

half-brother, half-sister

hand-

- when made, done or operated by a person

hand-built, hand-finished, hand-knitted, hand-made, hand-operated, hand-painted, hand-printed, hand-sew, hand-stitched, hand-wash, hand-washing, hand-woven, handwriting, handwritten

- carried or operated with your hands

handbag, hand-luggage, hand-bell, handbrake, hand-grenade, handgun, handkerchief, hand-luggage, hand-mirror

-hand

- holding something

cup-hand, gun-hand, knife-hand, napkin-hand, phone-hand, racket-hand, weapon-hand

- jobs

cowhand, deckhand, factory-hand, farm-hand, fieldhand, garage-hand

- position

left-hand, right-hand

-head

- disapproval

egghead, fathead, hothead, pinhead, sleepyhead, sorehead, squarehead

- the top part of something

bed-head, clubhead, flower-head, masterhead, pinhead, seed-head

- an entrance or source

bridgehead, letterhead, pithead, railhead, road-head, wellhead

-headed

- characteristics

big-headed, cool-headed, empty-headed, even-headed, fuzzy-headed, hard-headed, hot-headed, level-headed, light-headed, soft-headed, thick-headed, wrong-headed

- appearance

bald-headed, bareheaded, black-headed, blong-headed, crop-headed, curly-headed, elephant=headed, flat-headed, gold-headed, grey-headed, heavy-headed, ivory-headed, redheaded, round-headed, shaven-headed, sleek-headed, small-headed, stubble-headed, white-headed

home-

- in the home

home-baked, home-bottled, home-bred, home-brewed, home-cooked, home-distiled, home-dyed, home-frozen, home-grown, home-made, home-painted, home-prepared, home-produced

- related to someone's home

home-based, home-builder, home-buyer, home-centred, home-loving, homemaker, home-owner

-hood

- to form new nouns from nouns referring to people

adulthood, babyhood, bachelorhood, boyhood, childhood, daughterhood, fatherhood, girlhood, guesthood, maidenhood, manhood, motherhood, parenthood, spinsterhood, studenthood, wifehood, womanhood

hydr-

- referring to words with 'water' as part of their meaning

hydrant, hydraulic, hydrocarbon, hydro-electric, hydro-electricity, hydro-energy, hydrofoil, hydrology, hydrophobia, hydro-power

Letter 'I' (18)

-ian

- a job or hobby

beautician, comedian, dietician, electician, historian, magician, mathematician, musician, optician, paediatrician, physician, politician, technician

- referring to a particular person

Darwinian, Dickensian, Elizabethan, Georgian, Orwellian, Shakespearean, Victorian

-ibility

- to form nouns

accessibility, compatibility, credibility, feasibility, legibility, plausibility, reponsibility, susceptibility, tangibility, visibility

-ible

- to form adjectives

accessible, comprehensible, convertible, deductible, defensible, digestible, discernible, permissible, resistible

-ic

- to form adjectives from nouns

acrobatic, alcoholic, atomic, autocratic, bureaucratic, cubic, democratic, diplomatic, enthusiastic, gymnastic, heroic, idiotic, ironic, linguistic, magnetic, meteoric, patriotic, photographic, poetic, rhytmic, symbolic

-ics

- referring to a subject or an area of study

acoustics, aerobics, athletics, classics, economics, electronics, genetics, linguistics, logistics, mathematics, physics, politics

-ify

- referring to verbs which describe the process

amplify, beautify, clarify, classify, dignify, diversify, falsify, glorify, horrify, identify, intensify, justify, magnify, modify, notify, personify, purify, qualify, satisfy, signify, simplify, solidify, specify, terrify

il-, im-, in-, ir-

- to form adjectives or nouns

illegal, illegible, illiterate, illogical, immature, impatient, imperfect, impossible, impractical, improbably, inability, inadequate, inaudible, incapable, incomprehensible, independent, informal, injustice, insecurity, irrational, irregular, irrelevant, irreplaceable, irresistible, irrisponsible

ill-

- to form adjectives referring to actions done badly

ill-advised, ill-adapted, ill-chosen, ill-concealed, ill-conceived, ill-considered, ill-designed, ill-educated, ill-equipped, ill-founded, ill-informed, ill-paid, ill-prepared, ill-suited, ill-timed

- to form nouns and adjectives

ill-bred, ill-disposed, ill-fated, ill-feeling, ill-fortune, ill-health, ill-humour, ill-luck, ill-natured, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-treatment, ill-will

-in-law

- referring to memebers of family

brother-in-law, daughter-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, sister-in-law, son-in-law

inter-

- between

inter-city, intercontinental, inter-family, interlanguage, international, interpersonal, interplanetary, inter-racial, interseasonal, interstate, interterritorial

- connection

interact, interbreeding, interchange, interconnect, interdependence, interknit, interlink, interlock, intermingled, interplay, intersection, intertwine

-ion

- to form nouns from verbs

action, addition, collection, combination, conclusion, connection, contribution, creation, decision, direction, education, examination, exhibition, explanation, imagination, information, operation, organization, production, protection, reaction, realization, reduction, situation

-ish

- nationality or language

British, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Moorish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish

- with adjectives

biggish, blackish, bluish, brownish, dampish, darkish, fattish, flattish, goodish, greenish, largish, longish, oldish, plumpish, reddish, smallish, tallish, thinnish, warmish, wettish, whitish, youngish

- to form adjectives from nouns

amateurish, babyish, bearish, boyish, bullish, childish, feverish, fiendish, foolish, girlish, hellish, mannish, monkish, owlish, prudish, slavish, snobbish, wolfish, womanish

- age or time

bookish, outlandish, peckish, selfish, sharpish, sheepish, sluggish, stylish

-ism

- beliefs and behaviour

faminism, optimism, pessimism, absenteeism, alcoholism, anarchism, capitalism, consumerism, cynism, expressionism, heroism, hooliganism, humanism, idealism, liberalism, modernism, nationalism, opportunism, patriotism, perfectionism, professionalism, realism, sceptism, socialism, symblism, terrorism, totalitarianism, vandalism

-ist

- referring to beliefs and behaviour

activist, capitalist, communist, conformist, extremist, idealist, modernist, nationalist, opportunist, perfectionist, realist, socialist, terrorist

- occupations

artist, cartoonist, columnist, dentist, dramatist, economist, historicist, pharmacist, physicist, physiotherapist, psychiatrist, scientist, therapist, tourist, typist

- musicians

bassist, basoonist, cellist, flautist, guitarist, keyboardist, oboist, pianist, saxophonist, trombonist, violinist

-itis

- illnesses

appendicitis, arthritis, bronchitis, dermatitis, hepatitis, meaningits, tonsillitis

-ity

- to form nouns

absurdity, anonymity, authenticity, brutality, complexity, creativity, curiosity, diversity, equality, familiarity, formality, generosity, hostility, immunity, intensity, originality, popularity, productivity, prosperity, security, sensitivity, simplicity, superiority

-ive

- to form adjectives

active, aggressive, alternative, attractive, competitive, comprehensive, constructive, creative, dicisive, defensive, destructive, effective, excessive, expensive, extensive, imaginative, intensive, lucrative, massive, negative, offensive, productive, protective

- to form nouns

addictive, collective, conservative, contraceptive, detective, executive, incentive, initiative, invective, locomotive, missive, motive, narrative, objective, offensive, perspective, preservative, relative, representative

-ize

- referring to actions

apologize, characterize, emphasize, fantasize, jeoperdize, memorize, moralize, pressurize, revolutionize, subsidize, summarize, symbolize, sympathize

- to form verbs from nouns and adjectives

democratize, equalize, generalize, harmonize, hospitalize, industrialize, legalize, mobilize, modernize, neutralize, personalize, publicize, stabilize, sterilize, terrorize, victimize

- -ise - British spelling

advertise, advise, comrise, compromise, devise, disguise, exercise, improvise, practise, promise, supervise, surprise,

Letter 'K' (2)

kilo-

- referring to objects consisted of a thousand parts

kilobyte, kilocalorie, kilogram, kilohertz, kilolitre, kilometre, kilowatt

-kind

- to form nouns from nouns referring to people

humankind, mankind, womankind

Letter 'L' (6)

-led

- to form adjectives from nouns or adjectives of nationality

communist-led, consumer-led, demand-led, earnings-led, employee-led, government-led, investment-led, labour-led, market-led, opposition-led, student-led, teacher-led, worker-led

-less

- lacking something

airless, beltless, brainless, characterless, effortless, endless, flawless, harmless, heartless, helpless, hopeless, humourless, lifeless, meaningless, motionless, nameless, powerless, restless, speechless, spineless, tacktless, thoughtless, useless

- when exceeding a category

ageless, countless, numberless, priceless, timeless

-let

- smaller things

booklet, coverlet, cutlet, droplet, eaglet, froglet, islet, owlet, piglet, startlet, streamlet

- jewellery

anklet, armlet, bracelet, circlet, wristlet

-like

- to form adjectives from nouns

animal-like, baby-like, bird-like, cat-like, childlike, clock-like, cowlike, daisy-like, desert-like, dog-like, doll-like, dreamlike, flower-like, honey-like, ladylike, owl-like, pillar-like, prison-like

-logue

- referring to words with 'speaking' or 'discussion' as part of their meaning

catalogue, decalogue, dialogue, epilogue, monologue, prologue

-ly

- to form adverbs from adjectives

badly, cheaply, clearly, directly, easily, equally, exactly, finally, frequently, gradually, immediately, naturally, normally, obviously, perfectly, properly, quickly, rapidly, recently, seriously, slowly, suddently, usually

- to form adjectives from nouns or other adjectives

costly, earthly, easterly, elderly, fatherly, friendly, heavenly, kindly, leisurely, lively, lonely, lovely, lowly, manly, motherly, northerly, orderly, sharply, sickly, sisterly, southerly, westerly, womanly, worldly

- frequency

daily, forthnightly, hourly, monthly, quarterly, weekly, yearly

Letter 'M' (6)

-made

- to form adjectives from nouns and adjectives

American-made, British-made, Chinese-made, country-made, European-made, factory-made, foreign-made, French-made, fresh-made, hand-made, Hollywood-made, home-made, machine-made, man-made, new-made, ready-made, tailor-made

mal-

- to form nouns, adjectives and verbs describing things which are bad or unpleasant

maladjusted, maladministration, maldistribution, malfunction, malnutrition, malodorous, malpractice, maltreatment

man-

- to form nouns and adjectives from words that describe an action

man-destroying, man-devised, man-eating, man-hunt, man-killer, man-made, man-management, man-powered

-man

- referring to occupations or interests

barman, businessman, cameraman, clergyman, coalman, dairyman, deliveryman, fireman, fisherman, gasman, gunman, milkman, policeman, postman, railwayman, repairman, salesman, seaman, stuntman, taxman

- referring to people's origins

Chinaman, Dutchman, Englishman, Frenchman, Irishman, Scotsman, Welshman

- numbers of people

eleven-man team, two-man tent, five-wheel vehicle

-mate

- to form new nouns from nouns which refer to a place or activity

bedmate, classmate, clubmate, flatmate, playmate, roommate, schoolmate, shipmate, team-mate, workmate

mega-

- referring to size

mega-acquisition, mega-bid, megablock, megabucks, mega-bureaucracy, mega-buyout, mega-fantasy, megaloss, megaproduction, megastar

- referring to measurement

megabyte, megahertz, megaton, megawatt

-ment

- to form nouns from verbs

accomplishment, achievement, acknowledgement, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, amazement, announcement, argument, arrangement, asessment, assignement, attachment, commitment, development, discouragement, employment, enjoyment, entertainment, excitement, improvement, investment, involvement, management, movement, payment, punishement, puzzlement, replacement, requirement, resentement, retirement

-meter

- in words referring to instruments or devices

barometer, calorimeter, chronometer, colorimeter, hydrometer, mileometer, speedometer, thermometer

micro-

- referring to nouns with 'very small' as part of their meaning

microbiology, microcomputer, micro-economics, microelectronics, microfilm, micro-organism, microscope, microstructure

mid-

- referring to time

mid-afternoon, mid-century, midday, mid-evening, mid-hour, mid-month, mid-morning, midnight, midsummer, mid-week, midwinter

- referring to position

mid-air, mid-Atlantic, mid-channel, mid-Europe, mid-ocean, mid-road

- referring to actions

mid-bite, mid-career, mid-compsition, mid-flight, mid-life, mid-lunge, mid-page, mid-passage, mid-race, mid-section, mid-sentence, mid-step, mid-term, mid-voyage

-minded

- referring to attitudes and characteristics

absent-minded, broadminded, fair-minded, generous-minded, high-minded, like-minded, mean-minded, narrow-minded, open-minded, practical-minded, right-minded, single-minded, small-minded, strong-minded, tidy-minded, tough-minded, weak-minded

- referring to interests and aims

career-minded, community-minded, economy-minded, future-minded, management-minded, peace-minded, reform-minded, security-minded, sports-minded, war-minded

mis-

- to form verbs and nouns

misbehave, misbehaviour, miscaluculate, miscaluculation, misconception, misconduct, misdirect, misfortune, mishear, misinform, misinformation, misinterpret, misjudge, misjudgement, mismanage, misplace, misprint, mispronunciation, misquote, misread, mistreat, mistrust, misunderstanding, misuse

mock-

- to form nouns and adjectives

mock-attack, mock-childish, mock-discomfort, mock-expensive, mock-flight, mock-heroics, mock-innocent, mock-modesty, mock-sadness, mock-style

-monger

- in nouns with 'trader' or 'dealer' as part of their meaning

fishmonger, ironmonger, rumourmonger, warmonger

Letter 'N' (6)

near-

- to form nouns and adjectives from other nouns and adjectives

near-accident, near-bankrupt, near-black, near-certainty, near-chaos, near-crisis, near-disaster, near-equal, near-identical, near-impossible, near-miraculous, near-monopoly, near-panic, near-perfect, near-permanent, near-silence, near-vacuum, near-vertical, near-white

neo-

- to form nouns and adjectives from other nouns and adjectives

neo-baroque, neo-classical, neo-classicism, neo-colonialist, neo-Darwinism, neo-expressionism, neo-Freudian, neo-Georgian, neo-Gothic, neo-Liberal

-ness

- to form nouns from adjectives which refer to the state or quality

aggressiveness, attractiveness, awareness, awkwardness, bitterness, blindness, boldness, carelessness, cleverness, consciousness, deafness, effectiveness, emptiness, foolishness, friendliness, goodness, happiness, helplessness, illness, kindness, loneliness, loveliness, madness, nervousness, openness, permissiveness, rudeness, sadness, sickness, ugliness, weakness

new-

- referring to something done recently

newborn, new-built house, new-coined word, new-cut, new-fashioned, new-floored, new-found, new-hatched, new-laid, new-made, new-minted, new-pointed, new-washed, new-wedded, new-won

- to form nouns and adjectives

new-age, new-generation, new-look, new-looking, new-smelling, new-style,

news-

- to form nouns

newsagent, newsboy, newscast, newsfilm, newsletter, news-magazine, newsman, newspaper, newsprint, newsreader, newsroom, news-stand

non-

- to form nouns and adjectives

non-aggressive, non-athletic, non-believer, non-binding, non-biological, non-classical, non-competitive, non-economic, non-essential, non-human, non-payment, non-profit, non-reader, non-resident, non-smoker, non-specialist, non-target, non-verbal, non-violence, non-violent

Letter 'O' (11)

off-

- referring to position

off-campus, off-court, off-field, off-road, off-screen, offshore, off-site, off-stage, off-track

- when something is not the case

off-balance, off-centre, off-guard, off-key, off-peak, off-season

-off

- to form adjectives from adverbs referring to a financial situation

badly-off, better-off, comfortably-off, well-off, worse-off

-oid

- referring to words which show that something is similar to something else

cuboid, fungoid, humanoid, tabloid

-ological, -ology

- to form nouns referring to an area of study or system

anthropology, astrology, biology, ecology, geology, graphology, ideology, meteorology, methodology, mythology, neurology, ornitology, pathology, physiology, psychology, sociology, technology, terminology, theology, zoology

on-

- to form nouns referring to a place where something takes place

on-court, on-field, on-screen, onshore, on-site, on-stage

once-

- to form adjectives from adjectives

once-common, once-famous, once-fashionable, once-forgotten, once-happy, once-lively, once-lovely, once-popular, once-powerful, once-private, once-respected

-or

- to form nouns from verbs; they usually refer to occupations

actor, administrator, advisor, agitator, collaborator, collector, competitor, conductor, conspirator, contributor, counsellor, creator, director, editor, inspector, inventor, investigator, moderator, narrator, operator, possessor, protector, sailor, speculator, supervisor, visitor

-osis

- referring to a process or state

diagnosis, hypnosis, metamorphosis

- referring to illness or disease

neurosis, psychosis, sclerosis, tuberculosis

-ous

- to form adjectives which express a quality possessed by someone or something

adventurous, ambiguous, ambitious, anonymous, anxious, cautious, conspicuous, contemptuous, continuous, courageous, curious, dangerous, enormous, famous, furious, gracious, impetuous, mervellous, mysterious, nervous, nutritious, obvious, previous, religious, sensuous, serious, simultaneous, spacious, spontaneous, superstitious, tremendous, various

out-

- to form verbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives

outbit, outclass, outdo, outgrow, outjump, outlast, outlive, outpace, outplay, outrun, outsell, outsmart, outstare, outswim, out-talk, out-walk, outwit

over-

- to form adjectives, verbs and nouns expressing a quality or action done to too great extent

over-anxious, overburden, over-cautious, overcharge, over-confident, overcook, overcrowd, over-developed, overdo, overdose, overdue, overeat, overestimate, overexposure, overfill, overgrown, overheat, overload, over-populated, overproduce, over-protective, overrate, over-react, oversized, oversleep, overspend, overweight, overwork, over-worried

- to form verbs from nouns and verbs

overcome, override, overrule, overrun, overthrow, overturn

Letter 'P' (17)

pan-

- to form adjectives from adjectives describing nations

pan-African, pan-American, pan-continental, pan-European

para-

- to form nouns and adjectives expressing similarity

paramedic, paramilitary, para-professional

- referring to activities involving parachutes

parachute, paragliding, parasailing

part-

- to form adjectives and nouns from past participles and nouns

part-assembled, part-concealed, part-constructed, part-cooked, part-owner, part-ownership, part-payment

-people

- to form nouns referring to people who live in a particular place or involved in some activity

country-people, townspeople, tradespeople

-person

- referring to occupation or involvement

chairperson, newsperson, spokesperson

- referring to numbers

a eleven-person game, a three-person flat, a two-person board game

-phile

- in words which describe someone who likes something very much

bibliophile, Europhile, Anglophile, Francophile

-phobia, -phobic

- in words which have 'fear' or 'drad' as part of their meaning

agoraphobia, agoraphobic, claustrophobia, claustrophobic, homophobia, hydrophobia, xenophobia, xenophobic

phon-

- in words with 'sound' or 'voice' as part of their meaning

phonetic, phonetics, phonic, phonograph, phonology

-phone

- referring to words connected with instruments

gramophone, megaphone, microphone, saxophone, telephone

-piece

- used with numbers

a two-piece dress, a one-piece costume

- referring to use or position

chimney-piece, earpiece, eyepiece, mouthpiece

poly-

- referring to words which have 'many' as part of their meaning

polyglot, polygon, polygraph, polyphony, polysyllabic, polytechnic

-poor

- to form adjectives

nutrient-poor, oxygen-poor, resource-poor

-post

- to form nouns and adjectives

post-election, post-examination, post-impressionism, post-independence, post-medieval, post-modernism, post-natal, post-race, post-religious, post-renaissance

- referring to postal services

postbag, post-box, postcard, postcode, postman, postmark, postmaster, post-office, post-service

pre-

- referring to something before

pre-birth, pre-budget, pre-Christmas, pre-dawn, pre-delivery, pre-dinner, pre-election, pre-examination, pre-game, pre-independece, pre-lunch, premarital, pre-match, pre-race, pre-retirement, pre-revolution, pre-school, pre-transformation

- referring to an action which has already happened

pre-arranged, pre-booked, preconception, pre-cooked, pre-cut, predestination, pre-digested, pre-heated, premeditation, pre-packed, pre-paid, pre-payment, pre-planned, pre-prepared, pre-recorded, pre-selected

pro-

- expressing support

pro-allies, pro-business, pro-capitalist, pro-choice, pro-communist, pro-democracy, pro-family, pro-feminst, pro-government, pro-monarchy, pro-nationalist, pro-union

-proof

- to form adjectives

accident-proof, bullet-proof, child-proof, damp-proof, dust-proof, fireproof, foolprood, frost-proof, heatproof, inflation-proof, leakproof, ovenproof, rainproof, rust-proof, shoundproof, storm-proof, water-proof, windproof

psych-

- in words with 'mind' or 'mental processes' as part of their meaning

psychiatrist, psychiatry, psychic, psychoanalyst, psychological, psychology, psychopath

Letter 'Q' (2)

quad-

- to form words which indicate that something consist of four parts

quadrangle, quadriceps, quadrilateral

quasi-

- to form adjectives which describe things which are almost the same as the adjective used

quasi-attractive, quasi-academic, quasi-diplomatic, quasi-human, quasi-industrial, quasi-legal, quasi-magical, quasi-military, quasi-moderate, quasi-moral, quasi-official, quasi-religious

Letter 'R' (5)

radio-

- to form words which have 'radiation' or 'radio waves' as part of their meaning

radioactive, radio-car, radiocarbon, radio-controlled, radiogram, radiography, radio-telephone, radio-telescope

re-

- to form verbs and nouns which indicate that an action or process happens a second time

re-allocation, reappear, rebuild, reconsider, reconstruct, recreate, redefine, rediscover, redistribute, re-examine, refreeze, regenerate, remarry, rename, reopen, repossess, reprint, re-read, restart, reunite, rewrite

-related

- to form adjectives which indicate that one thing is connected with the other

alcohol-related, career-related, city-related, disaster-related, drug-related, drink-related, earnings-related, income-related, job-related, leisure-related, race-related, school-related, smoking-related, stress-related, tax-related, work-related

-rich

- to form adjectives from nouns. The words formed indicate that the thing contains a lot of something

carbon-rich, cash-rich, energy-rich, fat-rich, fibre-rich, information-rich, lead-rich, mineral-rich, nitrate-rich, nutrient-rich, oil-rich, oxygen-rich, protein-rich, resource-rich, rubber-rich, species-rich, sugar-rich, vitamin-rich

-ridden

- to form adjectives from nouns. The adjectives indicate that somebody/something suffer from something     unpleasant or unwanted

class-ridden, cliche-ridden, debt-ridden, disease-ridden, draught-ridden, drought-ridden, fear-ridden, flood-ridden, guilt-ridden, lice-ridden, maggot-ridden, mouse-ridden, penalty-ridden, plague-ridden, rumour-ridden, scandal-ridden, storm-ridden, strike-ridden, tension-ridden, terror-ridden

Letter 'S' (12)

-scape

- to form nouns which describe the view of an area

cityscape, cloudscape, lakescape, landscape, moonscape, mudscape, riverscape, seascape, skyscape, snowscape, starscape, townscape

self-

- to form words describing actions done to or by yourself

self-analysis, self-appointed, self-approval, self-awareness, self-catering, self-control, self-criticism, self-defeating, self-defece, self-denial, self-discipline, self-doubt, self-educated, self-employed, self-hate, self-image, self-indulgence, self-interest, self-knowledge, self-love, self-management, self-pity, self-portrait, self-protection, self-reliance, self-service, self-taught

- to form nouns or adjectives which describe how people feel about themselves

self-assertive, self-assurance, self-assured, self-confidence, self-confident, self-conscious, self-esteem, self-importance, self-important, self-possessed, self-respect, self-respecting, self-satisfied

semi-

- to form nouns and adjectives which describe something only party true

semi-automatic, semi-conscious, semi-dark, semi-darkness, semi-human, semi-liquid, semi-mystical, semi-naked, semi-official, semi-organic, semi-permanent, semi-precious, semi-retired, semi-skilled, semi-soft

- to form nouns and adjectives which express the idea that something is equal to one half of something else

semi-annual, semicircle, semicircular, semi-detached, semi-tone

-ship

- to form nouns which refer to people in a particular occupation or position

apprenticeship, authorship, chairmanship, citizenship, deanship, directorship, doctorship, editorship, headmastership, leadership, membership, ownership, premiership, professorship, stewardship, studentship, traineeship

- to form nouns which refer to the skill the people used when doing the job or occupation

craftsmanship, draftsmanship, horsemanship, marksmanship, musicianship, salesmanship, seamanship, showmanship, sportsmanship, workmanship

- to form nouns which refer to a relations between two or more people and things

acquaintanceship, companionship, friendship, partnership, relationship

- to form nouns which refer to types of vehicles

airship, battleship, gunship, spaceship, steamship, troopship, warship

-side

- to form referring to the edge of the place

bedside, deskside, fireside, heartside, hillside, lakeside, mountainside, parkside, poolside, ringside, riverside, roadside, seaside, waterside

- to form nouns

earthside, grass-side, greenside, innerside, left-side, northside, openside, palm-side, passenger-side, right-side, sand-side, southside, underside, upperside

-size, sized

- to form adjectives from nouns which describe the same size as something else

apple-sized, button-sized, cat-sized, city-sized, coin-sized, cottage-sized, farm-sized, finger-sized, fist-sized, man-sized, mouse-sized, page-sized, pea-sized, pin-sized, postcard-sized, poster-sized, room-sized, teaspoon-size, wall-size

- to form adjectives from nouns describing something as being a suitable size for a particular purpose

adult-size, child-size, family-size, man-size, pocket-size

- to form adjectives referring to the size

average size, full-size, giant-size, good-size, large-size, medium-size, middle-size, mid-size, moderate-size, normal-size, ordinary-size, small-size, standard-size

-some

- to form adjectives from nouns and verbs

adventuresome, bothersome, loathsome, lonesome, meddlesome, quarrelsome, venturesome

- to form adjectives from nouns, verbs and adjectives

awesome, fearsome, tiresome, troublesome, wearisome, worrisome

- to form nouns

chromosome, handsome, noisome, toothsome, wholesome

-speak

- to form nouns

computer-speak, consumer-speak, lawyer-speak, marketing-speak, media-speak, teacher-speak

step-

- to form nouns

stepbrother, stepdaughter, stepfather, stepmother, step-parent, stepsister, stepson

-striken

- to form adjectives from nouns

awe-stricken, famine-stricken, fear-striken, grief-stricken, guilt-stricken, horror-stricken, panic-stricken, poverty-stricken, terror-stricken

sub-

- to form nouns

sub-branch, sub-centre, sub-chief, sub-class, sub-contractor, subculture, subdepartment, subdivision, sub-editor, sub-group, sub-heading, sub-paragraph, sub-party, sub-plot, subset, sub-species, sub-system, sub-text, sub-total, subtype

- to form nouns, adjectives and verbs which describe things which are beneath something else

sub-basement, subcurrent, submarine, submerge, suboceanic, subsea, subsoil, sub-surface, subterranean, subtitle, subway

- to form nouns and adjectives which describe things that are inferior, smaller

sub-freezing, subhuman, sub-humid, subnormal, substandard, subteenage, sub-zero

super-

- to form adjectives describing quality in a very large degree

super-active, super-cheap, super-clever, super-dominant, super-efficient, super-friendly, super-heavy, super-intelligent, supermodern, super-quick, super-rich, super-secure, super-sensitive, supersophisticated

- to form nouns

superathlete, superbrain, super-computer, super-genius, super-hero, superhighway, super-leader, superman, supermarket, superpower, superstar, superstate, superstore, supertanker

Letter 'T' (8)

tele-

- to form words which refer something distant or something happens over a distance

telecommuter, telegram, telegraph, telepathy, telephone, teleprinter, telescope, television

theo-

- referring to words with 'god' as part of their meaning

theological, theology

thermo-

- referring to words with 'heat' as part of their meaning

thermometer, thermonuclear, thermopollution, thermostat, thermotherapy

-to-be

- to form nouns describing things or people that will become whatever the original nouns describe

bride-to-be, husband-to-be, mother-to-be, parents-to-be, wife-to-be, house-to-be, soon-to-be, never-to-be

too-

- to form adjectives

too-clean, too-close, too-cold, too-easy, too-familiar, too-high, too-large, too-late, too-long, too-loud, too-massive, too-much, too-rapid, too-tight

trans-

- describing something moving from one side of something to the other

transAmerica, transatlantic, transcontinental, transoceanic, trans-Siberian, trans-world

- describing processes where something goes from one place to another

transfer, transfusion, transmit, transplant, transport

- describing process where one thing crosses or goes through another

translucent, transparency, transparent

- describing processes when something changes its shape or form

transcript, transcription, transform, translate, translation, transmute, transubstantial

tri-

- to form words which indicate that something consists of three parts

triangle, tricolour, tricycle, trilateral, tri-level, trilogy, triple, triplet, triplicate, tripod, trisyllabic

-type

- to form words which refer to something similar

European-type, executive-type, gothic-type, military-type, police-type, rail-type, snack-type, Polish-type, war-type, Western-type

Letter 'U' (7)

-ular

- to form adjectives from nouns

cellular, curricular, granular, modular, molecular, muscular, valvular, circular, rectangular, triangular

ultra-

- to form adjectives from adjactives

ultra-cautious, ultra-clean, ultra-conservative, ultra-fast, ultra-high, ultra-intelligent, ultra-light, ultra-low, ultra-modern, ultra-powerful, ultra-rich, ultra-secretive, ultra-sharp, ultra-smart, ultra-smooth, ultra-sophisticated

un-

- to form adjectives, nouns and adverbs with the opposite meaning

unable, unacceptable, unalive, unalterable, unbelievable, unbiased, uncertain, unlcean, uncomfortable, unconscious, uncooperative, undemocratic, uneatable, unemotional, unemployed, unfaithful, unfortunate, unhappy, unhelpful, unkind, unlucky, unnatural, unnecessary, unoficial, unpleasant, unpredictable, unrealistic, unremarkable, unsafe, unsuccessful, untidy, unusual, unwilling

- to form adjectives from participles

unbeaten, unbuilt, uncaring, unchanging, undamaged, undemanding, undisturbed, unexpected, unharmed, unhesitating, uninterrupted, uninviting, unloved, unneeded, unoffending, unpainted, unprepared, unread, untaught, untrusting, unwritten

- to form verbs

unbend, uncover, undo, undress, unlearn, unlock, unmake, unpack, unplug, unscrew, untie, unwrap, untwist

under-

- to form verbs, nouns and adjectives

underdeveloped, under-equipped, underestimate, under-financed, undergrown, underpay, underpriced, undersize, undervalue, underweight

- referring to words denoting that something is beneath something else or that something happens below something else

underarm, underblanket, underclothes, underfoot, underground, underline, underlip, underpass, underscore, underside, under-soil, undersurface, underwater, underwear

- to form nouns referring to lower rank or status than someone else

under-butler, under-footman, undergraduate, under-manager, under-secretary, underservant, undersheriff

uni-

- referring to words with 'one' or 'single' as part of their meaning

uniform, unilateral, union, unique, unite, unity

up-

- to form words which indicate that a person or thing is moving towards higher position or is situated in a higher position

up-current, upfield, unhill, upland, upriver, upside, upstage, upstairs, upstream, upwards, upwind

- to form verbs and nouns

update, upgrade, uprate, upturn

- to form verbs, nouns, and adjectives describing some disturbance, trouble

upbeat, upbringing, upcoming, upheaval, uphold, upkeep, uplift, upmarket, upright, upstanding, uptake

-ure

- to form nouns from verbs

closure, composure, departure, disclosure, enclosure, expenditure, exposure, failure, mixture, pleasure, procedure, sculpture, seizure

Letter 'V' (2)

vice-

- to form nouns describing less important ranks

vice-captain, vice-chairman, vice-consul, vice-minister, vice-premier, vice-president, vice-principal

video-

- to form words with 'telvised pictures' as part of their meaning

video-cassette, video-recorder, video-tape

Letter 'W' (9)

-ward, -wards

- to form words describing the direction

backward, backwards, ceiling-ward, downward, earthward, eastward, floorward, homeward, inward, northward, onward, outward, seaward, shoreward, skyward, southward, upward, westward

-ware

- to form nouns referring to things made of a particular substance/material or are intended for a particular use

chinaware, cookware, copperware, dinnerware, giftware, glassware, houseware, iron-ware, kitchenware, silverware, stoneware, tableware

well-

- to form adjectives which describe something good

well-acted, well-adjusted, well-arranged, well-balanced, well-behaved, well-bred, well-built, well-chosen, well-cut, well-designed, well-dressed, well-educated, well-furnished, well-made, well-organized, well-prepared, well-preserved, well-qualified, well-timed, well-trained, well-understood, well-written

- to form adjectives denoting a large amount of something

well-attended, well-beaten, well-chewed, well-covered, well-deserved, well-earned, well-hidden, well-known, well-lit, well-loved, well-oiled, well-populated, well-respected, well-scrubbed, well-tried, well-worn

- to form adjectives expressing that someone feels friendly

well-disposed, well-intentioned, well-meaning, well-meant, well-received, well-regarded

-wide

- to form words which express that something exists or happens throughout the whole place, area, organisation

area-wide, city-wide, company-wide, ocntinent-wide, countrywide, industry-wide, nationwide, population-wide, society-wide, state-wide, worldwide

-wise

- to form words which describe actions similar to the things or people referred to by the nouns used

clockwise, hammer-wise, machine-wise, monkey-wise, sack-wise, sailor-wise, slantwise, sleepwalker-wise, star-wise

-woman

- to form nouns referring to women who do a particular job or who come from a particular place

barwoman, businesswoman, careerwoman, chairwoman, cleaning-woman, countrywoman, craftswoman, Englishwoman, Frenchwoman, Irishwoman, policewoman, saleswoman, Scotswoman, spokeswoman, sportswoman, yachtswoman

-work

- to form nouns referring to things made of the substance or material

brickwork, cement-work, ironwork, lacework, leatherwork, metalwork, paintwork, pipework, plasterwork, silverwork, steelwork, stonework, tilework, woodwork

- to form nouns referring to activities done with the things indicated by the noun

brainwork, brushwork, camerawork, footwork, legwork, needlework, paperwork, woodwork

- to form nouns referring to tasks

classwork, course-work, groupwork, homework, housework, model-work, schoolwork, speech-work

- to form nouns referring to the job

day-work, farmwork, nightwork, office-work, police-work, practical-work, saleswork, shiftwork, shop-work, shore-work

-worthy

- to form adjectives from nouns describing what people deserve

applause-worthy, award-worthy, creditworthy, headline-worthy, noteworthy, praiseworthy, respect-worthy, trustworthy

-wright

- to form words referring to people who build, create or repair something

millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright, wainwright

Letter 'Y' (1)

-y

- to form adjectives from nouns. The adjectives denote that something / someone is very similar to the thing the noun refers to

blotchy, bulky, bushy, cloudy, dirty, dusty, fatty, flowery, foggy, grassy, hairy, itchy, mighty, muddy, rainy, sketchy, smoky, sneaky, snowy, stoney, stumpy, sunny, thirty, tinny, worthy

- to form adjectives describing the colour

pinky, yellowy, greeny

- to form informal words to give them more affectionate or familiar form

doggy

Słowotwórstwo ćwiczenia

• Angielski słowotwórstwo ćwiczenia disagree, dishonest, uncountable
• Słowotwórstwo angielski ćwiczenia irresponsible, disloyal, illegal
• Słowotwórstwo angielski przykłady immature, disagree, impossible, illegible
• Tworzenie wyrazów angielski incorrect, illegible, impolite, unusual
• Słowotwórstwo angielski czasowniki rzeczowniki belief, hesitation, advice, practice